The CZ.NIC Staff Blog

The year of domain auctions in the CZ registry

In mid-May, it has been one year since the launch of the CZ domain auctions run by our Association. This is certainly a good occasion to evaluate how this change in the domains’ life cycle is performing and how it has affected the operation of the domain registry in general. We surely have enough data to do so.

Zdeněk Brůna

4.6.2025 at 15:08

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Knot DNS in a Complex DNSSEC Topology

Knot DNS has many powerful and useful features, but sometimes it might be difficult to see all the intricate ways in which they interact and complement each other. In this article I’ll attempt to clear up some of that confusion by showcasing a realistic moderately-complex DNS infrastructure built on instances of Knot. Our focus will be largely on DNSSEC.

DNS DNSSEC Knot Knot DNS

Jan Doskočil

7.5.2025 at 8:20

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On the Drawbacks, Weaknesses and Appropriate Uses of NSEC3

Let’s start with a brief reminder of non-existence proofs in DNSSEC. If you have a solid understanding of the topic, feel free to skip this introduction.

The standard DNSSEC solution to proving a record’s non-existence is the NSEC RR. It contains the next node in the lexicographical order and a bitmask of available RTYPEs:

DNS DNSSEC

Jan Doskočil

2.4.2025 at 12:29

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Public release of FRED v2024.1, more news and future plans

The FRED (Free Registry for ENUM and Domains) system has been used for the .cz TLD since 2007 and is also utilized by eleven other domain registry operators worldwide. For us, this leads to an international responsibility for adding functionalities according to operational and legislative requirements, as well as for the security, stability and technological development of the FRED system.

Aleš Jarolímek

4.3.2025 at 8:20

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Knot Resolver 6 News: DoS protection – technical solution

In the previous article of this series, we have outlined how Knot Resolver 6 and Knot DNS 3.4 protect themselves as well as other participants on the Internet against denial-of-service attacks, from a high-level point of view. Let us now dive deeper into the implementation and take a look at the actual technical solution used to achieve this kind of protection.

Lukáš Ondráček

4.2.2025 at 10:30

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Merry Christmas and Happy New Year 2025!

Vilém Sládek

20.12.2024 at 10:20

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Layered protocols, or the big I/O rewrite of Knot Resolver 6

One of the bigger changes made in Knot Resolver 6 is the almost complete rewrite of its I/O (input/output) system and management of communication sessions.

To understand why this rewrite was needed, let us first take a brief look at the history of Knot Resolver’s I/O.

In the beginning, the Resolver’s I/O was really quite simple. As it only supported DNS over plain UDP and TCP (nowadays collectively called Do53 after the standardized DNS port), there used to be only two quite distinct code paths for communication – one for UDP and one for TCP.

vcunat

11.9.2024 at 13:14

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Knot Resolver 6 News: DoS protection – operator’s overview

The team behind Knot Resolver, the scalable caching DNS resolver, is hard at work developing a complex solution for protecting DNS servers and other participants on the Internet alike against denial-of-service attacks. This effort is a part of the ongoing DNS4EU project, co-funded by the European Union¹, which we are a proud part of.

To achieve this goal, we are introducing two new mechanisms:

Oto Šťáva

15.7.2024 at 12:40

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Authenticated DNSSEC Bootstrapping in Knot DNS

When a domain owner decides to have their zone secured with DNSSEC, adding validation keys and signatures to the zone are only half the story. To allow resolvers to start validating signatures, it is also necessary to link at least one of the domain’s validation keys (DNSKEY records) to the global DNSSEC chain of trust.

Daniel Salzman

10.5.2024 at 10:44

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Turris OS 7 is finally out!

It took us really long time to release Turris OS 7.0, but it is finally out now. The only change in this release is a switch to a newer OpenWrt – namely 22.03. We are not introducing any new features (although we are for the first time using “Staging Updates“). We are even sticking with iptables for now, although upstream has moved towards nftables. All that to minimize impact on our users and provide smooth update experience. That was also part of the reason why it took so long. We tested it over and over again, fixed the issues we found and started with the tests from scratch again. Sometimes we found our feature not working, sometimes we encountered some problems with state of the upstream distribution we had to help to fix. But finally we got into state where we could release it and we did exactly that.

Turris Turris OS

Michal Hrušecký

17.4.2024 at 9:00

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