BIRD Journey to Threads. Chapter 2: Asynchronous route export

14.6.

Route export is a core algorithm of BIRD. This chapter covers how we are making this procedure multithreaded. Desired outcomes are mostly lower latency of route import, flap dampening and also faster route processing in large configurations with lots of export from one table.

BIRD is a fast, robust and memory-efficient routing daemon designed and implemented at the end of 20th century. We’re doing a significant amount of BIRD’s internal structure changes to make it possible to run in multiple threads in parallel.

How routes are propagated through BIRD

In the previous chapter, you could learn how the route import works. We should now extend that process by the route export.

  1. (In protocol code.) Create the route itself and propagate it through the right channel by calling rte_update.
  2. The channel runs its import filter.
  3. New best route is selected.
  4. For each channel:
    1. The channel runs its preexport hook and export filter.
    2. (Optionally.) The channel merges the nexthops to create an ECMP route.
    3. The channel calls the protocol’s rt_notify hook.
  5. After all exports are finished, the rte_update call finally returns and the source protocol may do anything else.

Let’s imagine that all the protocols are running in parallel. There are two protocols with a route prepared to import. One of those wins the table lock, does the import and then the export touches the other protocol which must either:

  • store the route export until it finishes its own imports, or
  • have independent import and export parts.

Both of these conditions are infeasible for common use. Implementing them would make protocols much more complicated with lots of new code to test and release at once and also quite a lot of corner cases. Risk of deadlocks is also worth mentioning.

Asynchronous route export

We decided to make it easier for protocols and decouple the import and export this way:

  1. The import is done.
  2. Best route is selected.
  3. Resulting changes are stored.

Then, after the importing protocol returns, the exports are processed for each exporting channel in parallel: Some protocols may process the export directly after it is stored, other protocols wait until they finish another job.

This eliminates the risk of deadlocks and all protocols’ rt_notify hooks can rely on their independence. There is only one question. How to store the changes?

Route export modes

To find a good data structure for route export storage, we shall first know the readers. The exporters may request different modes of route export.

Export everything

This is the most simple route export mode. The exporter wants to know about all the routes as they’re changing. We therefore simply store the old route until the change is fully exported and then we free the old stored route.

To manage this, we can simply queue the changes one after another and postpone old route cleanup after all channels have exported the change. The queue member would look like this:

struct {
struct rte_storage *new;
struct rte_storage *old;
};

Export best

This is another simple route export mode. We check whether the best route has changed; if not, no export happens. Otherwise, the export is propagated as the old best route changing to the new best route.

To manage this, we could use the queue from the previous point by adding new best and old best pointers. It is guaranteed that both the old best and new best pointers are always valid in time of export as all the changes in them must be stored in future changes which have not been exported yet by this channel and therefore not freed yet.

struct {
struct rte_storage *new;
struct rte_storage *new_best;
struct rte_storage *old;
struct rte_storage *old_best;
};
Anyway, we’re getting to the complicated export modes where this simple structure is simply not enough.

Export merged

Here we’re getting to some kind of problems. The exporting channel requests not only the best route but also all routes that are good enough to be considered ECMP-eligible (we call these routes mergable). The export is then just one route with just the nexthops merged. Export filters are executed before merging and if the best route is rejected, nothing is exported at all.

To achieve this, we have to re-evaluate export filters any time the best route or any mergable route changes. Until now, the export could just do what it wanted as there was only one thread working. To change this, we need to access the whole route list and process it.

Export first accepted

In this mode, the channel runs export filters on a sorted list of routes, best first. If the best route gets rejected, it asks for the next one until it finds an acceptable route or exhausts the list. This export mode requires a sorted table. BIRD users may know this export mode as secondary in BGP.

For now, BIRD stores two bits per route for each channel. The export bit is set if the route has been really exported to that channel. The reject bit is set if the route was rejected by the export filter.

When processing a route change for accepted, the algorithm first checks the export bit for the old route. If this bit is set, the old route is that one exported so we have to find the right one to export. Therefore the sorted route list is walked best to worst to find a new route to export, using the reject bit to evaluate only routes which weren’t rejected in previous runs of this algorithm.

If the old route bit is not set, the algorithm walks the sorted route list best to worst, checking the position of new route with respect to the exported route. If the new route is worse, nothing happens, otherwise the new route is sent to filters and finally exported if passes.

Export by feed

To resolve problems arising from previous two export modes (merged and first accepted), we introduce a way to process a whole route list without locking the table while export filters are running. To achieve this, we follow this algorithm:

  1. The exporting channel sees a pending export.
  2. The table is locked.
  3. All routes (pointers) for the given destination are dumped to a local array.
  4. Also first and last pending exports for the given destination are stored.
  5. The table is unlocked.
  6. The channel processes the local array of route pointers.
  7. All pending exports between the first and last stored (incl.) are marked as processed to allow for cleanup.

After unlocking the table, the pointed-to routes are implicitly guarded by the sole fact that no pending export has not yet been processed by all channels and the cleanup routine frees only resources after being processed.

The pending export range must be stored together with the feed. While processing export filters for the feed, another export may come in. We must process the export once again as the feed is now outdated, therefore we must mark only these exports that were pending for this destination when the feed was being stored. We also can’t mark them before actually processing them as they would get freed inbetween.

Pending export data structure

As the two complicated export modes use the export-by-feed algorithm, the pending export data structure may be quite minimalistic.

struct rt_pending_export {
struct rt_pending_export * _Atomic next;
struct rte_storage *new;
struct rte_storage *new_best;
struct rte_storage *old;
struct rte_storage *old_best;
_Atomic u64 seq;
};
To allow for squashing outdated pending exports (e.g. for flap dampening purposes), there is a next pointer to the next export for the same destination. This is also needed for the export-by-feed algorithm to traverse the list of pending exports.

We should also add several items into struct channel.

struct coroutine *export_coro;
struct bsem *export_sem;
struct rt_pending_export * _Atomic last_export;
struct bmap export_seen_map;
u64 flush_seq;
To run the exports in parallel, export_coro is run and export_sem is used for signalling new exports to it. The exporter coroutine also marks all seen sequential IDs in its export_seen_map to make it possible to skip over them if seen again. The exporter coroutine is started when export is requested and stopped when export is stopped.

There is also a table cleaner routine (see previous chapter) which must cleanup also the pending exports after all the channels are finished with them. To signal that, there is last_export working as a release point: the channel guarantees that it doesn’t touch the pointed-to pending export (or any older), nor any data from it.

The last tricky point here is channel flushing. When any channel stops, all its routes are automatically freed and withdrawals are exported if appropriate. Until now, the routes could be flushed synchronously, anyway now flush has several phases, stored in flush_active channel variable:

  1. Flush started.
  2. Withdrawals for all the channel’s routes are issued. Here the channel stores the seq of last current pending export to flush_seq)
  3. When the table’s cleanup routine cleans up the withdrawal with flush_seq, the channel may safely stop and free its structures as all sender pointers in routes are now gone.

Finally, some additional information has to be stored in tables:

_Atomic byte export_used;
struct rt_pending_export * _Atomic first_export;
byte export_scheduled;
list pending_exports;
struct fib export_fib;
u64 next_export_seq;

The exports are:

  1. Assigned the next_export_seq sequential ID, incrementing this item by one.
  2. Put into pending_exports and export_fib for both sequential and by-destination access.
  3. Signalled by setting export_scheduled and first_export.

After processing several exports, export_used is set and route table maintenance coroutine is woken up to possibly do cleanup.

The struct rt_pending_export seems to be best allocated by requesting a whole memory page, containing a common list node, a simple header and packed all the structures in the rest of the page. This may save a significant amount of memory. In case of congestion, there will be lots of exports and every spare kilobyte counts. If BIRD is almost idle, the optimization does nothing on the overall performance.

Export algorithm

As we have explained at the beginning, the current export algorithm is synchronous and table-driven. The table walks the channel list and propagates the update. The new export algorithm is channel-driven. The table just indicates that it has something new in export queue and the channel decides what to do with that and when.

Pushing an export

When a table has something to export, it enqueues an instance of struct rt_pending_export together with updating the last pointer (and possibly also first) for this destination’s pending exports.

Then it pings its maintenance coroutine (rt_event) to notify the exporting channels about a new route. Before the maintenance coroutine acquires the table lock, the importing protocol may e.g. prepare the next route inbetween. The maintenance coroutine, when it wakes up, walks the list of channels and wakes their export coroutines.

These two levels of asynchronicity are here for an efficiency reason.

  1. In case of low table load, the export is announced just after the import happens.
  2. In case of table congestion, the export notification locks the table as well as all route importers, effectively reducing the number of channel list traversals.

Processing an export

After these two pings, the channel finally knows that there is an export pending.

  1. The channel waits for a semaphore. This semaphore is posted by the table maintenance coroutine.
  2. The channel checks whether there is a last_export stored.
    1. If yes, it proceeds with the next one.
    2. Otherwise it takes first_export from the table. This special pointer is atomic and can be accessed without locking and also without clashing with the export cleanup routine.
  3. The channel checks its export_seen_map whether this export has been already processed. If so, it goes back to 1. to get the next export. No action is needed with this one.
  4. As now the export is clearly new, the export chain (single-linked list) is scanned for the current first and last export. This is done by following the next pointer in the exports.
  5. If all-routes mode is used, the exports are processed one-by-one. In future versions, we may employ some simple flap-dampening by checking the pending export list for the same route src. No table locking happens.
  6. If best-only mode is employed, just the first and last exports are considered to find the old and new best routes. The inbetween exports do nothing. No table locking happens.
  7. If export-by-feed is used, the current state of routes in table are fetched and processed as described above in the “Export by feed” section.
  8. All processed exports are marked as seen.
  9. The channel stores the first processed export to last_export and returns to beginning.to wait for next exports. The latter exports are then skipped by step 3 when the export coroutine gets to them.

The full life-cycle of routes

Until now, we’re always assuming that the channels just exist. In real life, any channel may go up or down and we must handle it, flushing the routes appropriately and freeing all the memory just in time to avoid both use-after-free and memory leaks. BIRD is written in C which has no garbage collector or other modern features alike so memory management is a thing.

Protocols and channels as viewed from a route

BIRD consists effectively of protocols and tables. Protocols are active parts, kind-of subprocesses manipulating routes and other data. Tables are passive, serving as a database of routes. To connect a protocol to a table, a channel is created.

Every route has its sender storing the channel which has put the route into the current table. Therefore we know which routes to flush when a channel goes down.

Every route also has its src, a route source allocated by the protocol which originated it first. This is kept when a route is passed through a pipe. The route source is always bound to protocol; it is possible that a protocol announces routes via several channels using the same src.

Both src and sender must point to active protocols and channels as inactive protocols and channels may be deleted any time.

Protocol and channel lifecycle

In the beginning, all channels and protocols are down. Until they fully start, no route from them is allowed to any table. When the protocol and channel is up, they may originate and receive routes freely. However, the transitions are worth mentioning.

Channel startup and feed

When protocols and channels start, they need to get the current state of the appropriate table. Therefore, after a protocol and channel start, also the export-feed coroutine is initiated.

Tables can contain millions of routes. It may lead to long import latency if a channel was feeding itself in one step. The table structure is (at least for now) too complicated to be implemented as lockless, thus even read access needs locking. To mitigate this, the feeds are split to allow for regular route propagation with a reasonable latency.

When the exports were synchronous, we simply didn’t care and just announced the exports to the channels from the time they started feeding. When making exports asynchronous, it is crucial to avoid (hopefully) all the possible race conditions which could arise from simultaneous feed and export. As the feeder routines had to be rewritten, it is a good opportunity to make this precise.

Therefore, when a channel goes up, it also starts exports:

  1. Start the feed-export coroutine.
  2. Lock the table.
  3. Store the last export in queue.
  4. Read a limited number of routes to local memory together with their pending exports.
  5. If there are some routes to process:
    1. Unlock the table.
    2. Process the loaded routes.
    3. Set the appropriate pending exports as seen.
    4. Lock the table
    5. Go to 4. to continue feeding.
  6. If there was a last export stored, load the next one to be processed. Otherwise take the table’s first_export.
  7. Unlock the table.
  8. Run the exporter loop.

Note: There are some nuances not mentioned here how to do things in right order to avoid missing some events while changing state. For specifics, look into the code in nest/rt-table.c in branch alderney.

When the feeder loop finishes, it continues smoothly to process all the exports that have been queued while the feed was running. Step 5.3 ensures that already seen exports are skipped, steps 3 and 6 ensure that no export is missed.

Channel flush

Protocols and channels need to stop for a handful of reasons. All of these cases follow the same routine.

  1. (Maybe.) The protocol requests to go down or restart.
  2. The channel requests to go down or restart.
  3. The channel requests to stop export.
  4. In the feed-export coroutine:
    1. At a designated cancellation point, check cancellation.
    2. Clean up local data.
    3. Lock main BIRD context
    4. If shutdown requested, switch the channel to flushing state and request table maintenance.
    5. Stop the coroutine and unlock main BIRD context.
  5. In the table maintenance coroutine:
    1. Walk across all channels and check them for flushing state, setting flush_active to 1.
    2. Walk across the table (split to allow for low latency updates) and generate a withdrawal for each route sent by the flushing channels.
    3. When all the table is traversed, the flushing channels’ flush_active is set to 2 and flush_seq is set to the current last export seq.
    4. Wait until all the withdrawals are processed by checking the flush_seq.
    5. Mark the flushing channels as down and eventually proceed to the protocol shutdown or restart.

There is also a separate routine that handles bulk cleanup of src’s which contain a pointer to the originating protocol. This routine may get reworked in future; for now it is good enough.

Route export cleanup

Last but not least is the export cleanup routine. Until now, the withdrawn routes were exported synchronously and freed directly after the import was done. This is not possible anymore. The export is stored and the import returns to let the importing protocol continue its work. We therefore need a routine to cleanup the withdrawn routes and also the processed exports.

First of all, this routine refuses to cleanup when any export is feeding or shutting down. In future, cleanup while feeding should be possible, anyway for now we aren’t sure about possible race conditions.

Anyway, when all the exports are in a steady state, the routine works as follows:

  1. Walk the active exports and find a minimum (oldest export) between their last_export values.
  2. If there is nothing to clear between the actual oldest export and channels’ oldest export, do nothing.
  3. Find the table’s new first_export and set it. Now there is nobody pointing to the old exports.
  4. Free the withdrawn routes.
  5. Free the old exports, removing them also from the first-last list of exports for the same destination.

Results of these changes

This step is a first major step to move forward. Using just this version may be still as slow as the single-threaded version, at least if your export filters are trivial. Anyway, the main purpose of this step is not an immediate speedup. It is more of a base for the next steps:

  • Unlocking of pipes should enable parallel execution of all the filters on pipes, limited solely by the principle one thread for every direction of pipe.
  • Conversion of CLI’s show route to the new feed-export coroutines should enable faster table queries. Moreover, this approach will allow for better splitting of model and view in CLI with a good opportunity to implement more output formats, e.g. JSON.
  • Unlocking of kernel route synchronization should fix latency issues induced by long-lasting kernel queries.
  • Partial unlocking of BGP packet processing should allow for parallel execution in almost all phases of BGP route propagation.
  • Partial unlocking of OSPF route recalculation should raise the useful maximums of topology size.

The development is now being done mostly in the branch alderney. If you asked why such strange branch names like jersey, guernsey and alderney, here is a kind-of reason. Yes, these branches could be named mq-async-export, mq-async-export-new, mq-async-export-new-new, mq-another-async-export and so on. That’s so ugly, isn’t it? Let’s be creative. Jersey is an island where a same-named knit was first produced – and knits are made of threads. Then, you just look into a map and find nearby islands.

Also why so many branches? The development process is quite messy. BIRD’s code heavily depends on single-threaded approach. This is (in this case) exceptionally good for performance, as long as you have one thread only. On the other hand, lots of these assumptions are not documented so in many cases one desired change yields a chain of other unforeseen changes which must precede. This brings lots of backtracking, branch rebasing and other Git magic. There is always a can of worms somewhere in the code.

It’s still a long road to the version 2.1. This series of texts should document what is needed to be changed, why we do it and how. The previous chapter showed the necessary changes in route storage. In the next chapter, we’re going to describe how the coroutines are implemented and what kind of locking system are we employing to prevent deadlocks. Stay tuned!

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